Windows creates the data packets to send to the Bluetooth adapter in its Bluetooth stack. Having drivers present for more than one Bluetooth device also causes problems because Windows does not know which one to communicate to. Using a wrong or corrupted driver means that Windows is not able to communicate with a device properly. A driver tells Windows how to communicate with a hardware device and how to interpret the information it sends and receives. It then searches for a driver for your device. When you plug your adapter into a USB port, the computer queries it for information about what kind of device it is. Out of date, missing, or corrupted USB controller software will cause the adapter to malfunction regardless of the port it is plugged into. The easiest way to identify this is to try another port. A physical problem with the USB port will cause malfunctions.

The Bluetooth adapter gets its data packets from your computer’s USB controller through the USB port. Having a large number of strong Wi-Fi signals in the area can also cause radio problems, since Wi-Fi and Bluetooth use the same radio frequencies, but Wi-Fi is much more powerful. Radio problems can also be caused by objects between the adapter and the receiver blocking and absorbing the signal. In our experience, most radio problems are caused by radio noise coming from components in the host computer, especially poorly-shielded USB 3.0 ports and unshielded components in desktop computers. Radio signal problems tend to show us as reduced range, frequent disconnections, and lag. Adapter hardware problems will usually show up when the adapter fails to work at all. This process can suffer in two ways: radio problems that block or corrupt the radio signal and problems with the hardware of the adapter itself. It receives radio packets from the peripheral device, decodes them into data packets, and sends them to the computer.

It takes packets of data from your computer, encodes them into a radio signal, and sends them to your peripheral device. As mentioned above, the Bluetooth adapter itself is pretty simple.

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